I : Sound and Vibration Terms ...
IEC : International Electrotechnical Commission, founded in 1906, the IEC is the world’s leading organization for the preparation and publication of International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. These are known collectively as "electrotechnology".
We include IEC Definitions where appropriate in this glossary
IEPE : Integrated Electronic Piezoelectric accelerometers with built-in electronics, also known as
ICP : integrated circuit piezoelectric.
The built-in electronic preamplifier transforms the high impedance charge output of the sensor into a low impedance voltage signal that can be transmitted over longer distances.
This technique is widely used under other trade names: ICP ®, Deltatron ®, Piezotron ®, etc.
See also
piezoelectric
Imaginary (of a number or quantity), expressed in terms of the square root of a negative number (usually the square root of −1, represented by i or j ).
See also
real
Immission Level a descriptor for
sound exposure, in
decibels, representing the total
sound energy incident on the ear over a specified period of time.
Impact short duration noise(s), usually associated in acoustics with an object in motion hitting another object.
See also
impact noise rating •
impact sound •
impact testing
Impedance (IEC 801-25-13) at a given frequency, quotient of a dynamic field quantity (such as force, sound pressure) by a kinematic field quantity (such as vibration velocity, particle velocity), or quotient of a voltage by a current.
Note 1 : the term impedance is generally applied to a linear system and to steady sinusoidal signals.
Note 2 : in the case of a transient, impedance as a function of frequency is the quotient of the respective Fourier or Laplace transforms.
Note 3 : an impedance is the quotient of two quantities the product of which has the dimensions of power or power per unit area.
See also
acoustic admittance •
acoustic impedance •
acoustic ohm •
acoustic reactance •
acoustic resistance •
admittance •
characteristic acoustic impedance •
characteristic impedance of a medium •
complex acoustic impedance •
conjugate impedances •
driving point impedance •
specific acoustic impedance •
specific acoustic reactance •
specific acoustic resistance •
specific wall admittance •
specific wall impedance •
transfer impedance •
transmission impedance and radiation
Impedance Tube
Impulse in acoustics refers to events of short duration.
Impulse (IEC 801-24-26) time integral of a force over the time during which the force is applied.
Impulse Response the way a device responds to an impulse. For example, the
reverberation of a room can also be thought of as its impulse response. A great deal of information about a device can be determined by it's
impulse response.
The frequency response, phase response, and transient response are all tied to this specification.
Impulse Time Weighting
Impulse Weighted Average Sound Level (Lleq), used in Germany as defined by DIN 45641, 3 dB
exchange rate.
Impulsive Noise
1 ) a single or multiple
sound pressure peak(s) with a rise time less than 200 milliseconds or total duration less than 200 milliseconds.
2 ) or generally speaking, a noise which manifests itself as a succession of distinct pulses or
transients.
See also
impulsive time weightings
Incident Sound is received directly from the source, as distinguished from sound that is reflected from a surface.
See also
direct sound field
Incident Sound Wave
Incoherent Sources, sound levels resulting from different
sound sources as opposed to a
coherent source.
Industrial Noise and Port Noise (UK Government Environmental Noise Regulations)
Indicators :
LAeq,16h •
Lday •
Levening.
See also
aircraft noise •
railway noise •
road traffic noise
Inertance
Inertance (IEC 801-25-43) at a frequency for which inertia is dominant,
quotient of
sound pressure by the resulting in-phase volume acceleration during sinusoidal motion, also known as
acoustic mass.
Note :
inertance has dimensions of
mass divided by the square of
area
Infrasound (IEC 801-21-03) acoustic oscillation whose frequency is below the low-frequency limit of audible sound (about 16 Hz).
See also other
oscillation terms
Initial Time Delay (ITD) the gap in time between the arrival of direct sound and the first sound reflected from a surface of the room to the listener.
See also
decay and
reverberation.
In Phase two periodic waves reaching their maximums and going through zero at the same instant are said to be in phase.
INR : impact noise rating
Insertion Loss is the difference, in decibels, between the
sound pressure level before and after a sound-attenuating device.
Instantaneous Acoustic Pressure (IEC 802-01-03) pressure at a particular instant in time and at a particular point in an acoustic field, minus the ambient pressure.
See also
instantaneous sound pressure and
static pressure.
Instantaneous Kinetic Sound Energy Density
Instantaneous Level existing or measured at a particular instance, for example the measurement of
instantaneous sound pressure as opposed to the
effective (
root mean squared) or the
peak levels.
Instantaneous Sound Intensity
Instantaneous Particle Acceleration (IEC 801-21-32) the time derivative of instantaneous particle velocity.
See also
particle acceleration
Instantaneous Particle (IEC 801-21-25) in an elastic medium, vector whose extremity is the position of the particle at a given instant, and whose origin is at the equilibrium position of the particle.
See also
particle displacement
Instantaneous Particle Velocity (IEC 801-21-28) derivative with respect to time, of the instantaneous particle displacement.
See also
particle velocity •
peak particle velocity
Instantaneous Potential Sound Energy Density
Instantaneous Sound Energy Density
Instantaneous Sound Pressure
Instantaneous Speech Power
Institute of Acoustics
Integer an exact (whole) number, no fractions or decimals points. For example 1, 2, 5, -5, 0 but not 1.25, 3/4. 0.75
Integrated Circuit Piezoelectric and Integrated Electronic Piezoelectric under IEPE.
Integrating (of an instrument), indicating the
mean value or total sum of a measured quantity.
Integrating Sound Level Meter more correctly known as the
Integrating-averaging Sound Level Meter and commonly known as the
Leq Meter
Integration in mathematics an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume and other concepts that arise by combining data.
Integration in vibration, will convert an acceleration signal into a velocity signal, or a velocity signal into a displacement signal. For this reason, an accelerometer is the transducer of choice because velocity and displacement can be so easily derived from its output.
A vibration integrator is basically a low-pass filter with 6 dB or 12 dB per octave attenuation. Analogue integrators are only accurate over a discrete frequency range.
See also
differentiation
Integrator an electrical frequency filter used to convert a vibratory acceleration signal to one whose amplitude is proportional to velocity or displacement.
Intelligibility
Intensity
Interference •
sound wave interference •
speech interference
International Electrotechnical Commission
International System of Units
International Standards Organisation
International System of Quantities : ISQ (IEC 112-02-01) system of quantities based on the seven base quantities: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.
Note 1 : the International System of Quantities is published in the International Standard ISO/IEC 80000, Quantities and units.
Note 2 : the International System of Units (SI) is based on the ISQ.
Inverse Distance Law (1/r) : sound pressure (amplitude) falls inversely proportional to the distance 1/r from the sound source, where r is the distance from the source.
For example at 16 metres from a point sound source the sound pressure level will be reduced by 20 log (16) = 24 dB, relative to the level at 1 metre, to check this example type 20 log (16) into Google.
Inverse Proportionality.
Inverse Square Law (1/r²) : sound radiates spherically from a source and since the surface area of a sphere is 4 π r² the surface area increases by a factor of 4 each time the radius r (distance from the source) is doubled.
Therefore sound intensity (Watts/m²) levels decrease by a factor of 4 each time the distance from the source is doubled, in decibels this is 10·log (4) = 6 dB* for power quantities.
Sound pressure level measurements are more common and they decrease by a factor of 2 every time the distances is doubled, in decibels this is 20·log (2) = 6 dB* for root power quantities. Strictly speaking this is not inverse square but inverse proportionality, also known as inverse distance law.
* to check the above examples type 10 log (4) and 20 log (2) into Google.
See also point source • line source • sound level calculations.
IOA : Institute of Acoustics
ISO : International Standards Organisation creates Standards that provide requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.
Isotron ®
Isotropic is derived from Isotropy i.e. an object or substance which is uniform in all directions. In acoustics it is sometimes used to describe noise sources like loudspeakers arranged in a
dodecahedron format to give uniform sound output levels in all directions.
ISQ : International System of Quantities
ITD : initial time delay
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